http://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/2010/12/09/the-fogo-long-studio-saunders-architecture/
SILVER NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
THEORY - LECTURE I
2011 school year
class opposition
Darius Yancey Arch
Good morning. I
before defendants in the problems of a particular object, make some exceptions if I like a ..., say ... exhortation, exordium, or claim.
The TP header which I have shared in the inscription on the small call to my fellow teachers, states in the form of initial appointment, the following:
"... many repeat what was said to be almost inaudible, we must say something
different, it said, quietly. We are able ?...,
and that seems to be the question, "being able", "how to be able to" how we propose to face "the said" this new stuff coming to repair or at least temporarily, to meet others made flaws that have not been resolved.
Over the last 30 years, the faculty, teachers, and those ways of appropriating the knowledge we have brought the current stage, this need so obvious / evidenced that has claimed a specific subject. This juxtaposition formal proposal by the Faculty, is also a commitment by us to be here voluntarily, to make us speakers of reconstruction as operators attempt to solve the shortcomings detected.
So our presence here and now, is indicative of the assumption of a commitment and a responsibility. And at that stage to take over the situation, es que apela el exordio, a esa responsabilidad por lo hecho, por el ser actual, y por cómo ser hacia adelante.
Se dice habitualmente que la repetición de métodos y procederes… repiten resultados, y creo que en realidad, lo que se repite es la óptica que nos hace optar por la repetición (de métodos y procederes y resultados). Nos hemos convertido en seres de hábitos, habituales, habituados. Y esa habitualidad, que en la mayoría de los casos se transforma en una previsibilidad que serena, nos propone hasta su discurso armónico y estándar. El estar habituados, digamos a este ecosistema que subsiste en armonía, nos ha permitido “una vida serena”.
Pero según I think we are not for a welcoming retreat for an optical or reassuring. We are in the University and therefore we are in the core source of intellect and by the way, the development of thought is never a comfortable place rather, it is very uncomfortable.
is to opt for the convenience, it is tempting. As work is that after dedicating many hours to his profession, he comes home in search of calm. Who could object to that right.
But ours is the opposite. We arrived at our house "but can be removed after reassuring and soft states.
The borrowed words, we come to
"... deconstructing a way of being in the world ..." (Jacques Derrida),
come in search of an option. One such option that allows us to transcend the discourse and the usual methods of teaching architecture.
So ... friends ..., we CHOOSE ANOTHER OPTICAL ... we choose to run the risks involved
"... every time a man is confronted with several alternatives, he chooses one and eliminates the other ..."
was very eloquent contest day that December, where it became evident that the current optical, very clearly expressed by a majority of candidates established, it remained to observe the architectural object as the axis of any analysis, the architectural object as a starting point. Sought from the understanding of the materialized view, obtaining the reasons that led him to be (attitude "a posteriori" that would be due and consciously discussed later).
From a material-constructive understanding is sought to explain the theory, but this approach is perfect for the historian's work to be rolling past objects that usually are not "lawyer." It is also a professional's own procedure, which decides to proceed through the essay method of trial and error.
But it is not at all suitable for teaching and training young people to be be provided with tools pro-ejecta and not forensic tools for action.
Well, I think that is the lens to banish and that is the position to leave. We go to work in a PRE-VIA instance, pre-design activities a previous instance where even lack of objects, even lack of needs and corpus. And passing instance, we are in another point of view, to another point. We shall be ready for a change of strategy,
"architecture leaves the omnipotence that some see themselves isolated from the rest of the arts and humanities, isolated in its uniqueness from which to observe the world, omnipotent to believe that changes paradigms of thought may be absorbed, assimilated and understood from its own specificity. "
Then, repeat the question:
" we are ready .... "
Architectural Space
Let's do a breakdown for us to make it easier to capture the different dimensions that are included in the suggested theme. On one side we see:
I. The theory,
II. The parcel itself or topic suggested
III. The theory applied to modern space
IV. Example ...
of which are derived three new issues and necessary to formulate a practical development of the paradigm shift of teaching statement. These are:
• What is space?,
• What is Modernity?,
• What is the modern space?
V. Conclusions.
I. Theory.
"... Kreate, krea, kreas, create, nurture, creature creation ..." Devenir language.
"... The concept of creation has been much more closely related to art than science or philosophy. What creates a painter? Create lines and colors. This implies that the lines and colors are not given, which is the term of a creation. What is given, ultimately, could always be called flow. The flows are given, and the creation is to cut, arrange, connect flows, so that you draw or make a building around certain peculiarities learned from them. "
Gilles Deleuze, 2006
According to the Royal English Academy theory is derived from the Greek θεωρία ("watch") which means: - Knowledge considerate speculative independent of any application.
It raises its meaning as "speculative" (speculum to observe) because it is the hypothetical configurations and therefore provisional until verification.
θεωρία The term was commonly used in the context of watching a play, which may explain why today the concept of theory allows provisional or refer to something that is not completely real, but he still has temporary institution.
Consider that the role of Greek theater, as socio-communicative event, covering: the history, tradition, recitation and rhetoric transmissible. Needless to clarify that the theater was not mere entertainment but the origin of public education and as the theme to transmit, the Greek theater was divided into: tragedies and comedies. Prosopon
Greeks.
However, the historical evolution of the term gave a more intellectual and became operational as
the ability to understand the reality beyond sensory experience, through the understanding of these experiences and their expression by language.
Well, we've got to Ho. in the act of observation beyond the scope of sensory experiences and a desire to know. But soon see, he realizes he does not understand.
who know, do not understand.
The theoretical concept is based on the fundamental property of having seen the competition (competition innate or acquired), which is the ability not only to "look" but to "see" and deduct.
Having the ability to look (have a vision) to get to see (a vision that means) so you can see (understand and clear vision), three simple words that seem synonymous but they are the basis differentiating between professional work and work of the consumer. Notes
who described, see who understands
look at all ... "... manipulation specific temporal dimension where lie the phenomena studied, the specific management of the categories of truth and objectivity, the use of different scales of observation of the facts under investigation, the problem of theoretical and methodological relationship between individual action and social structures and exposure techniques, with the story at the center of the discussion, make a COMMENT ... "
A concept that we must not overlook, is seen from the point where one is in, from a here and now placing time / space.
Let's look at the acts of modernity, for example, from
"... The new cognitive and sociability conditions imposed by the general phenomenon that we call postmodernism ..."
or for example, to observe any act by the original empyrean: the hypnotic power of fire, led by Ho. the enchantment, but ignored their ability to burn until the experiment itself carme burning. Instead
us to avoid burning, for which we must build the necessary support understanding. What is known? What is understanding?. Sequentially, you know something that is initially novel, is a first contact, a presentation. Between the two actors, who is presented and who was present, there should be an intellectual communication to produce an affinity.
To approach things, we start to know what we have in common and unite us are a number of assumptions, which must be made through a series of mediators to facilitate mutual communication. These can be: kind, codes, concepts, language, traditions, and all kinds of social mediator that is in the community. Through these elements occurs DIALOGUE mediators as the basis for any relationship.
Now when the presentation is between two entities that lack of community where these elements are absent, they must be created ... created? If you created ...
Consider the case in which the two entities are the Ho unknown. and an unknown phenomenon, and there is an interest of Ho. know and understand. This should appeal to the intellect and thought to contemplate, reflect and ultimately theorizing.
should be given a theory for understanding the phenomenon it faces, which we can define, in the words of Gilles Ferry in four possible levels of complexity, namely
"Define a first level of practice or do. Here the operator does not bear any distance to the object, ie, in relation to their practice. Production is pure empirical would do (works) without theoretical reflection;
The second level occurs when it is made a speech about making attempts to answer the question of how. A speech empirical formula has occurred indications distancing doing. This second degree of the scale is identified with a technical level, level of technical knowledge;
A third level, through to what to do. That is no longer just about how to do it in addition to what to do and what to do. Praxiological level is defined as, ie, it refers to the practice, "practice is the laying of different operations in a given context it is necessary to analyze and make decisions concerning the implementation plan for what you do. "And at this level we can start talking about theory,
A fourth level, where there is a shift that goes beyond the action, the scientific level. Its purpose is to know and understand how a system works and how the actors in this system. "
Thus, the Ho. is created as a theorist, you can speculate, and intellectualized through the creation of the concepts necessary to intervene in the flow of the event. Create a series of concepts to compose your understanding.
"... ... A philosopher is someone who creates concepts ..."
and time
"... each individual concept will be called to express and contain the world ..." Let's see
well as Deleuze puts it in the quotation heading this section,
"... What creates a painter? Create lines and colors. This implies that the lines and colors are not given ... What is given, ultimately, could always be called flow. The flows are given, and the creation is to cut, arrange, connect flows, so that you draw or make a building around certain peculiarities learned from them. "
there speaks of the existence of phenomena in continuous flow full, as though they were circulating, flying in around the operator (or society). Precisely what we are talking about the flow of culture. Of culture is invisible and permanent fact of life and present in all the action we take.
Or if you also see it in terms of Deleuze, in the flow geometry and its elements. The lines and colors and are given, existing permanent and culturally we know of its existence. The work of the creator as opposed to the common man who ignored the art of blending, is to select certain lines and certain colors and certain composition for a given work.
This happens with the intellectual. Creep has in all phenomena of existence for which should create a network of concepts that allows them to grasp these phenomena, select and extract them into a theory that support their speculations.
When container has no concepts, the intellectual, are created with the firm conviction to solve a fraction of the fears of mankind.
creation by the intellectual concepts allow us to order a system of views with which we can draw from the constant flow of thought, theories of creation and explanation for the facts.
we also agree that both works and concepts, both seen as the intellectual creation as transitional moments or states of multiplicity, have the particularity to correspond with the author.
"... The concepts are spiritual signatures ... are also ways of life."
Both the philosopher describes itself as any operator from a system of concepts that serve as reference, and in that frame of reference, the truth is always subject to system concepts that are available.
We conclude that:
• theory is a conception of Ho. and staff,
• every man with intellect, humility to admit their ignorance and ability to observe more to do, is a theoretical
• as Ho. want to avoid the error by the error itself, "then think exists,"
• as the "after" juxtaposition determines the timing, the theory (thinking) is a previous instance to act. The theory is a phenomenisation PRE - BIOS.
In the absence of commonality and community with unknown phenomena, the Ho. has mellowed through the creation of concepts and languages \u200b\u200band theories that have enabled us to explain the facts of their existence.
has created theories that have enabled a way of being in the world, a way of living, a way of being with other men. Theories, say in terms general, which also have allowed a way to stay with the Company, the Arts, with the gods, and above all, a theory that allows them to be at every moment in the succession of ever-changing time.
And in the background, which has always sought Ho., Is a theory that allows ...
be with yourself ...
II. The parcel itself or topic suggested.
II-1.
To make it fair or mock it, I have taken of the items proposed in the "Special Provisions of the call for competition for teaching assistants and JTP ACD, the thematic unity 6 of the agenda of the matters presented in the pedagogical approach.
This unit is about: - The architectural space,
and specific unit 6 will realize the application of the methodology of teaching to the item called: SPACE
MODERN
since I would be very difficult to act on a general statement or on a exist entirely without a particularized instance of observation on an example set.
II-2.
In the first instance and professional service, you tend to find images and references works constructed graphs representing the Modern movement, which we will but later.
In these works constructed, we will call them architectural objects.
Well, we control the anxiety because we do a different route.
Just as we had previously talked about the free flow of culture, of geometry, of Ho., In this case suffers from the free flow of architecture, its concepts, its principles, its users. We recognize the principles which were thought to have influenced the zeitgeist and those who shaped the intellect, the concerns and assumptions that allowed us to arrive at modernity.
Such recognition will lead us to make a whole network of concepts such that we detected in total flow through the elements just in time / space landfall in modern performance. Say
in terms of the constituent elements of a stage of thought that at some point in history are evident and composed a speech that evidence, are already part of the eternal flow.
Today we fly over the elements of all thoughts of history, from the oldest to the most contemporary. Without much think of the daily presence of, for example, ancient religions based on Eastern philosophy (Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto, etc.) Such as those based on "the religions of the book" (in Derridean terms, the Jewish , Christian, Muslim) or paganism.
Well, we will denote the siege of the constituent elements of the History of Ideas, as latency. LATENCY
I say and not an intentional SYNERGY since SYNERGY acts on the accumulation of energy concentrated in a possibility at some level which surpasses independently of the decision and latency, but is also a possibility, it shall be suspended to the point where it is decided to operate. There is no possibility of overflow or independent operation.
A latency it could be characterized by its capacity to Ho stalk. as he knows. A latency that is raised as a possibility. Latency is always at hand and always is up to the Ho., The veil of consciousness. Needless to say that "anyone who ignores is safe."
Thus, the Ho. permanently lives flown by history, by what thought you had reserved. Could be compared to the latency that exists today in the internet network. A network that is extremely loaded with outstanding information for a download. All information is converted into bytes and housed in the virtual space.
So knowledge is a possibility to reach. Here's our quid
:
"We have everything at hand ... what we? Why do we choose? On what premises? "
III. The theory applied to modern space.
We lived in a state or category of pre-modern thought. We have held a conception of the present based on the repetition of
"... the prospect of collective apprehension of a circular and eternal time, was therefore strongly determined by the means of identification affixed to the stories of origin, content nominative whose authority is placed not so much who enunciated ... "
on par with the conclusion of,
" rite, with its mnemonic symbols, "which" would serve as repelling magic of the contingencies of a present exorcised through a continuous reference to the cosmic creation, accomplished once and forever ... "That tranquility
tips we being protected from any type of emergency, we took refuge in the ritualization of both eyes of the responses. Like any rite, is based on repetition, the repetition of ceremonies, dogmatization and repertoire.
And the rite became habit, habitual, everyday, everyday. Also, after its transmission, the rite regulated rules and standardized its words. Right words, appropriate (for all and for all), limiting. Words "framework" looks "frame." Words and sayings, common habits, ritual scheme, LINGUISTICS. Standard account, account limit, account framework,
"... the story is the authority itself. The account allows a us indestructible, beyond which there is only them "(Lyotard, 1995: 44).
We have coexisted with an optical exclusionism omnipotence and professionalism. We have perished with the specific purpose of the object at the expense of dialogue and rhetoric. We have assumed the preeminence of being the makers of the modus vivendi.
Well, let's assume also are proud that all our futile lability.
The reality that makes the architecture in one of the only outcome Arts utilitarian, practical application and determined and defined functionality, we have been blinded and alienated from poetry. We have been circumscribed in a specific logo has caused isolation.
Breaking the isolation in which teaching is Architecture?
Many times, being isolated or enclosed part of a personal decision or part of not being able to see the virtues possessed by those who are on our side. We believe that the world can create their own and all you find in the stupidity and shortsightedness.
"The beginning of the cure begins with the recognition of the disease, "but until he sees it, the situation will remain unchanged. The state of architecture and its teaching, warrants a change in vision and believe that the implementation of an area such as theory can be a hinge, because if we can capitalize optics allow us to change.
1 - The premise of work to do with the modern space as proposed, will clarify the action of the theory as pre-bio support, pre-disciplinary, considering the theory as a proceeding before the existence of the architectural object.
We should be able to elucidate the dichotomy between look PRE-POST-projective and projective.
term to term, the dichotomy must be PRE-POST, between before and after.
born of this dichotomy, a geography for each way of thinking. All that is encompassed in PRE, puts us in a place of intellectual net against the possibility that something will happen. Also protects us from space will enable us to take action definitions of how we want something to be projected. And speaking of the PRE-PRE-DISCIPLINE or design activities allows us to think about what exists beyond the borders of the specificity?.
When I act with a fait accompli (POST-Project it, POST-ERIOS), little possibility of influencing your state. No I have the chance to take the canvas cover and start the box again. Given the architectural object has no choice but to watch and at best to apologize. The post
justifies, the pre-, based.
2 - delimit the scope of the theory, as a field of action that basically consists of one (1) instance, the previous instance to objects of any kind.
from that before we can say that the states or the evolution of thought is governed by: - \u200b\u200ba pendulum, which in turn, the ideas are further developed in one direction and then go back in the following sense. Clarify that we speak of a pendulum that has no fixed point swing but it moves with less intensity but steadily;
- construction of a "conceptual bridge" between past, present and future, where the bridge is in terms of continuity / discontinuity.
then never be two coordinates are exactly alike.
is what is known as a historical succession of IDEA and collectors will not do such succession or crawlers, but not museum but as researchers convening of the reasons that led to each built form.
3 - We'll see how this all comes at once a chain sequential stages of earlier thought, see how to have a cycle in which they grow up to find his swing and then immediately begin to decline for the emergence of a new stadium.
clarify how each stage appeals to trace Heidegger, Sartre to trace the phenomenon Husserl, and Derrida's differance, how to start your tour combining the immediately prior stage reached over the history of thought over all current elements that act as triggers for change . How will own characteristics and its previous state, all within the context of historical developments.
As Jacques Derrida said: "... every single time, the end of the world ... every time alive alive all lives and die all deaths ... "
or as text by Jorge Luis Borges:
" ... infinite possibility of hypertext ... "
procedural We emphasize that this description corresponds to the mutation operated for a moment of space / time in the spirit of a time and where this change affects all spheres of society.
4 - beyond the boundaries of the specifics of the architecture towards a vision TRANS AND PRE-DISCIPLINE and enter annexed areas to take Dimension of the conditions of thought that lead to Ho. to think a certain way,
"... who confesses to be an architect ... should be resourceful and inclined to work, it is not possible to become a skilled architect if he has talent but lacks knowledge or vice versa. Should be educated, skilled in drawing, geometry competent, careful reader of the philosophers, understood in the art of music, documented in medicine, illustrated by case law and expert in astrology and the movements of the cosmos .. ". Proposal
Pedagogical Workshop I 1.4 .- Theory of Architecture - 2010 .-
take this quote as an excuse and justification and for which I apologize to the authors by intentional use that give to it, essentially coincides with the following the architect Jorge Sarquis:
"... The projectuality is conditioned by a reality that requires opening the discipline to understand the external purposes, with the help of other knowledge not only technical but also social and humanistic ..."
Developments architecture is not in the specificity of the technique and interpretation (or justification, or excuse) of the architectural object built. Its evolution is a return to the thinking of the Humanities. A novel return or a raid on the community of thought where the architecture should never give up.
5 - look for the network of concepts (existing or be created) that allows LATENCY sift towards revealing the elements of a stadium, a stadium so-called modern space which is only a fraction of modernity.
And as already stated, we recognize that flow items we collect to understand and, as modern conceptions about architecture is merely a consequence of speaking of modernity.
will know that concepts form the stadium called modernity and the result reached in view of the world.
IV.
example ... We adopted a few paragraphs back the decision to put a paper on:
SPACE MODERN
and had adopted the attitude to act in an instance theory PRE-BIOS, PRE-DISCIPLINE.
The phrase continent, modern space, we will dematerialize in conceptual units that compose it: - space,
-modern, yet
, each of them extends to infinity given its level of generality. At some point, the generality and latency is equivalent, as both possible and have all the elements up to us to extract. Let
...
• What is space?
light, structure, materials are the defining elements of space as the definition of Le Corbusier. This definition
place them in the orbit of what is specific, but which I will add a finite series of other elements arising from the rest of the humanities.
If we think in musical terms, I would say that space is the distance between scores and the tempo between notes.
If we think in psychological terms, I would say that space is the ability to be autonomous.
If we think in legal terms, I'd say space is the legal capacity of each person to exercise their rights ..
And if we approach the physical condition of space, visions that we could be useful for the task of projection, would contrast the definitions of two intellectuals who shaped the history Cartesian physics:
• one hand and derived from the theory of Isaac Newton, consider the space as a substance itself, corporeal, absolute and metaphysical entity,
and other
• next I will rely on the definition of Gottfried Leibniz, to consider the space in relative terms and combinatorial with respect to monadic entities.
As we can see, there is a huge difference between the two definitions, where the condition takes Newtonian space as a Complete corpus to which the joint elements (walls, columns, floors, etc..) Fit in pursuit of maintaining the entity space unchanged. For its part, the notion of space Leibniz, is a consequence of autonomous entities, minimal and unchanged.
While the spatial definition of the spatial Newton ruled until the end of the Enlightenment, where the logic of the space was subject to a set dimension and derived from the ritual or functional purpose, the logic of Leibniz space, was subject to "coexistence infinitesimal" or the relativity of the terms.
In this sense, Leibniz questioned the Newtonian idea of \u200b\u200bspace as an absolute being, and believes that it is an "ideal thing." Leibniz opposed the relativity of space and thus its logical character-geometric the absolute and metaphysical postulated by Newton. Therefore, the space and time mean nothing whatsoever, but are from the set of relations of order, distance, and coexistence down the bodies together. Let
viewing of said through a graph, for which I choose a work of Todd Saunders on Fogo Island, Canada, the Long Studies. About
formal synthesis plant will realize a vision and a vision Leibniz Newtonian space. Http://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/2010/12/09/the-fogo-long-studio-saunders-architecture/
In the view of Newton, the shape of space is the define their own elements and which are named after shapes. This is so regularly that there is obtained an identification or nomination for herself.
The elements of the figure (lines or edges, or surface contained space, outer space or context) are measurable and predictable. They have a logic that exceeds them in each case and allows for recreation even in the absence of any of them.
mnemesis
Thus the figure exceeds the circumstance of incomplenitud or absence, with the memory, a prosthesis to the figure of origin.
Now if the same project is affected by an action deconstructive in which unpacked to the relationship between the monads themselves, we face not only the misconfiguration of Euclidean geometry but also be affecting the memory allocation.
Deconstruction (which takes wonderfully with the tenets of Leibniz) goes so far as to affect the most intimate of the components, reaching a low expression of geometry, the point. But this action that destabilizes the sense of form, creates spatiality not previously repaired. Thus the case of spatiality that occurs between each one of the line components, which formerly made up the figure. Having been unstructured
el concepto de figura geométrica, de unidad geométrica y habiendo llegado a la mínima síntesis que es reducir los elementos a mónadas, el espacio pasara a estar conformado por la coexistencia entre dichos elementos.
Tenemos una espacialidad que incluye la posibilidad de modificación o la tendencia a los cambios de estado pues la desarticulación y rearticulación de la forma ya no depende de una idea total de figura, sino que se recrea a partir de sus variantes.
Dentro de los espacios newtonianos, existe el germen de su propia desarticulación, existe contenida una latencia o condición subversiva con la capacidad de desarticular un discurso establecido. En esa latencia o impulso resides pending the tendency to move from one state to another, as the successive states are the places to which tends the momentum. This tendency to move from one state to another, is what Leibniz called appetitus and is the very trend that operates as RE-HOST infinite places.
• What is Modernity? Returning to the phrase
home, modern space, which we have dissected the notion of space.
Now, for the modern.
accepted academic convention that begins with Descartes Modernity. He attributed the methodological renewal of philosophy and agenda setting of the science program, subject to strict scrutiny reasonable doubt all sources of knowledge (the senses and the convention), making it the rational faculty that holds the validation criteria of all knowledge.
Well, our interest lies in the modern from the moment of the history of the Enlightenment ideas gave way to modernity, or rather, Modernity pushed through despite the Enlightenment. We must now submit the question of reason.
The doctrinal foundation of modernity, which is enshrined in Descartes clearly excludes the human in man as it is the senses which is attributed to the uncertainty about the process of knowledge. The same illustration
rationality with its baggage, had acted on the prevailing society by removing the years of medieval obscurantism and above all, evolving knowledge of the yoke of fear and lighting.
against a tradition that had become indispensable in the contest of God in the process of knowledge, Descartes proposes a rational metaphysics essentially gives way to a new stage in Western history, a stage in which knowledge is subsidiary of reason and not God.
The question of modernity is epistemological stamp, while the question is strictly medieval theological stamp.
rational knowledge is presented as "safe" within the context of modernity, what Anthony Giddens calls the concept of "reliability" present in the actions of individuals "profane", ie ordinary.
two stages, the past and those to come, are encompassed by the common movement forward and backward tilting. And in that advance and retreat, are varying parts of the whole in a way that by means of gradual accumulation, reaching a point where a small spark triggers the change.
"When you modify a part, amending it." (Legal Theory Systems).
It is truism that there is no dividing line that determines a "see here ", but changing times are the result of sequential accumulation of facts that will produce a change in the ability to observe these events with a different perspective.
Modern man knows different animals have the instinct for law and medieval man who accepts no other assorted mystical knowledge 'from outside'. By becoming aware of their situation (of loneliness and helplessness in the world) and their status (not just instinctual), modern man is forced to build for himself the knowledge needed to live.
fact may be considered to interpret the allocation of a precise moment, as can be the change of the ideals of the regime and its step Anciene rationalism, as a forerunner of modernism, but there is a limit but a trigger.
In the case of modernity can be said that ran in three phases:
1. The first stage stretches roughly from the early sixteenth century until the late eighteenth
2. A second phase begins with the great revolutionary wave of 1789-90, during the stage called "two waters"
3. A third phase, which occurs with the spread of modernity to the world in the twentieth century,
This change occurs primarily through an era of revolutions, those who gave land Revolutions kingship, where King ceases to be the depository of God and is secularization the Government, the rising class of the bourgeoisie struggle to economic changes, free thinking philosophy of theology and reason, science starts checking its way to the detriment of faith sectors move the economy on political decisions, extending the knowledge of printing and reading leaves the cloisters.
The modern transformation, beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation, puts the world in time and space, populated by humans. The illusory world becomes a false world and is the only real physical world, a world of here and now.
modern reflexivity is expressed as the inability "Grasp" and define a concept "last" of what would be considered "modern." Unlike pre-modern societies, where the tradition involved a reformulation "present and active" past made sense of value and mystical reflection of modern social life is expressed in the fact that social practices are constantly reviewed and reformulated in the light of new information on those same practices. This does not mean in any way that tradition does not exist in modern life, but no longer occupy the central role for social cohesion and integration manifested in traditional societies.
All these changes alter the previous balance and shake the foundations on which the truth (partial and institutionalized) was sustained by force and fear.
The era of profound change covered a period spanning almost two centuries, from the late seventeenth century, where the changes came from the hand of many revolutions, among them are: the English Revolution of 1689, the American Revolution ( independence), 1776, and most significant in Europe was the French Revolution of 1789, which produced a significant change in the social and world order.
The UNIVERSAL DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN adjust the position of individuals from their peers, with the Government and to himself:
"The representatives of the French people, constituted in the National Assembly, considering that ignorance, forgetfulness or contempt of the rights of man are the only causes of public misfortunes and corruption of governments, have resolved to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, inalienable and sacred of man, so that this declaration, constantly present to all members of the body politic, may remind them unceasingly of their rights and their duties to the acts of the legislature and the executive branch, to be matched at any moment with the aim of every political institution, more respected and that the complaints of citizens, founded henceforth on simple and incontestable principles, may always maintaining the Constitution and the happiness of all.
Consequently, the National Assembly recognizes and declares, in the presence of the Supreme Being and under its auspices, the following rights of man and citizen:
Article One .- Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can only be based on the common good. "
And with the loss of fear, the word, the book and the reason, the Ho. will not be the servant.
Previously, the individual had no separate entity not belonging to land and the King of the same (ie. had no surname: Irenaeus of Lyon, Joanne d'Arc, etc.)
then individuals acquire institution citizen before the law took root in and access belonged to justice are divided by caste or corporations,
later, the men are erected with equal rights because they were born,
before the realms are the unit of division of land, scattered and autocratic after the fall of Western Roman Empire,
then modern states were formed,
before, the arts were guided by a strict theological vocation,
later secularized the arts and starts a gradual abandonment of the academic canon,
before, the taste and personality were determined by proportions and patterns of protocol,
then releasing the spirits and the author was born as the origin of work
and so, while there is history, there is a before and after ...
whole process of release reported, beyond the scope of social action (something that will inevitably posteiori) affects most private charters of the human spirit ...
"... the aura divide life into sacred and profane: it creates an aura of awe and splendor around the sacred womb of the human condition, inexorably separate from the needs and pressures that encourage men and women around ... "all that is holy is profaned", nothing is sacred, no one is untouchable, life becomes completely desecrated ... modern men and women, without any fear that it contained, did not stop at nothing, free from fear and trembling, also be free to trample all who are in its path ... "
All these emancipation in different fields of thought, led to a new spirit for a new man, as operating on the intellect is to act on the spirit of the time. This is to operate on areas of society. And when one acts on the level of ideas and ways of being in the world, affecting views of social institutions.
According to Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity had very specific requirements in their actions:
"... the first thing was to be diluted loyalties, traditional rights and obligations, and the tradition going to be the sediment and residue from the past into the present ..." ,
it should end with the weight which stopped the advance.
Another feature of the transition from the pre-modern to be modern is substantially disrupt the ways in which relations are manifested humanities in general, they understood in terms of its development in "time" and the "space" of the shares.
what traditionally could be expressed as a social relationship "community" rather local character of tradition and place, is carried in the modern world levels extended the international division of labor, productive relations, diplomatic, economic, and cultural factors that have been built worldwide.
begins to take shape a global economic and political scheme on new ontological basis in regard to space and time, place restructuring status certainly more indefinido.
Así, ese nuevo Ho., el hombre moderno ya hecho individuo, ya libre de la dominación patriarcal, se halla desnudo de las “abigarradas ataduras del feudalismo” se halla solo en las calles de la ciudad. Comparte la desnudez del Rey Lear, el desamparo y la visión de la “otra vida que existe tras los muros”. Lo que estaba oculto se hace visible, lo impúdico del mundo se ve.
El Ho. libre del feudo cae inmediatamente en manos del nuevo sistema de producción racional-liberal de la burguesía ascendente que le ofrece su mano mas despojada, desgarradora y de explotación abierta.
“…(la Modernidad) la burguesía ha despojado de su aureola a todas las profesiones…, respectable and worthy of reverent respect, the doctor, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the wise, has become its servants employees ... "
When Berman talks about the loss of" aura "refers us to the modern term priority schemes with their former world. Scales of values \u200b\u200band reverential objects have fallen into the "mud of history" (Jose Pablo Feinman) and are replaced by those of the bourgeoisie. The new cults of Modernity
erect ... "... (Modernity), the bourgeoisie has made a simple dignity exchange value ..."
The modern stage is a process nihilism of disbelief, where the loss of the old halos and dignities are challenged. Actually ...
"... the old form of honor and dignity do not die, it goes to market, they added a price tag, acquire a new life as a commodity. Thus, any conceivable form of human behavior make it morally permissible when it is economically feasible and acquires "value, anything goes if it is profitable. Herein lies the modern nihilism. Dostoevsky, Nietzsche and his successors of the twentieth century attributed this situation to science, rationalism and the death of God ... "
Modernity believes in a fully conscious subject whose cogito is precisely the certainty that the couple confirms to me. The man is become an object grasped in a definition statement as such requires universality.
"The unity of the subject was assured by the continuity between the desire and knowledge, instinct and knowledge, the body and the truth. This ensures the existence of the subject. "
The Ho. common modern placed in a position of anonymity that somehow implies a relationship in which not for a principle of "trustworthiness" primary distrust and widespread uncertainty. Untethering produced by the ontological separation and practice of modern time and space is re-anchored by reliability through which establishes certain complicity of life in society.
The inattention becomes the way a subject "left alone" to another, through his side and just looking without touching. This "neglect" would not have been possible in pre-modern era where the area of \u200b\u200bsocial relationships involved a direct complicity with others, in modern times however, "represents the most basic type of presence that commitments occur in encounters with strangers. "
Now take the words of the English historian Julio Aróstegui, which proposes a comprehensive theory to evaluate a historical fact:
"society ... the story is longer, or less metaphorically," society with time. "Thus all that man becomes aware of the historical is, somehow, a sense of timing ..."
dimensions necessary for location in space-time duality.
We must be aware that there are many ways of being modern, there is a canonical but multiple modernities modernity: the European West, and within this, the liberal-democratic, the Bolshevik, the National- The North American, Japanese, current fundamentalist, and so on.
of modern civilization behaves in certain As a modern civilizations because they all have a certain pattern of rationalization and a collective action carriers are struggling to define modernity in its own terms, however different it may be expressed. According to the thesis
Arostegui, you may well see many of currencies, and all these currencies, we know what is the history from where we observe? the observation point we will take note? and from where comes under observation?.
This knowledge of the here / now, the product of the reification of the individual, will be to identify the individual, the look that will make his criticism. And that individual will never have a sterile look, unbiased and innocent.
Any criticism is always made from a certain doctrine, from a certain temporality and from a given circumstance. Like the critical individual pouring his gaze from his circumstance.
The adoption of point of view to exercise criticism is also a way of maintaining a ...
"... For this category opaque reference that is time we give the keys to the actual formation of a collective consciousness of the temporary concrete ... "
specific and that vision while we talk about the times we live. Vision and temporality, are elements that make up the fingerprint or the burden of significance with the concepts.
"... To know is to represent, but this means that there are positions taken in both the possibility of developing the image of the world is called a subject capable of forming and developing such representation and something to play."
Nobody denies today, crisis of reason, which has become a resounding statement of contemporary culture: the crisis of representation and crisis of the subject. Comprehensive knowledge, which accounts for a whole, demonstrates his inability to account for the contemporary world.
• What is space modern? Returning to the phrase
home, modern space, which we have dissected the notion of space and the notion of modernity.
Now, the two together. Let's see what results from the combination: the modern space.
us note, before you start this last section, that modernity, as a theoretical conception sensitive intellectual effort demanded a great thing that was revealed to be antithetical to its principles of universality and equality. This demand deepened in another way, social segmentation and finally back to the acquis and the resurgent post-modern tradition. Originally
co confronted a modern space conception of space understood as an infinite entity structured according to the absolute laws of mathematics.
With the streamlining of the process of defining the physical space has changed the symbolic function of the architectural elements. This would rely mainly on morphological rather than theological reasons. Were more regular geometric bodies which symbolized the ideals of humanism.
"... the creation of architecture is to devise a system of spatial relationships."
The space is not directional, hierarchical and oriented (in the mythical sense of the term). We present homogeneous and infinite.
With the purity of Amedee Ozenfant and Charles Edouard Jeanneret, later known as Le Corbusier comes to the idea that art should be developed in parallel with the science, as the two tend to generalize the properties of nature, its founders seek to break the gap in science had advanced to the future and art had been left behind. Http://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/2010/12/09/the-fogo-long-studio-saunders-architecture/
rationalism in architecture always coincides with functionalism, namely the premise that the way is a result of the function.
Architectural rationalism, which is based on the myth of a society scientifically and rationally organized, and thought process has become way. In all these cases the architecture is interpreted as a container for activities such as summation of facilities, machine that absorbs energy from the environment as an issue of measures such as standard definition. Rationalist architecture of the enthronement of the method. All precipitation, intuition, improvisation has to be replaced by the systematic, precise calculations and mass-produced materials.
rationalism and functionalism were interpreted by Theodor W. Adorno as means impoverishing the complexities and qualities of reality.
For this aim to create a new art based on pure geometry, technology collaboration, consistency with the technical development, standardization and economy of means, which will radically manifestation mechanical analogy of the house as a machine for living.
With the Neo as a movement, Piet Mondrian and Theo Van Doesburg, moving in the direction of using Cubist spatial conceptions which are in opposition to the basics of art: form and color, surface and line, the tools for creating a pure language, comprehensible to himself. Tend to a gradual process of abstraction to reduce to a minimum.
Based on the abstraction and exploration of cubism and other influences related to technological constraints and especially with the reflection of society Machine Age generated a series of simplification and overlapping concepts which later materialize in architectural design.
The new architecture will be a linear axis architecture to be an overlay architecture. Superposition of the line as in the case of structural study constructivist overlay plane and line in the proposals of De Stijl reflected in the Rietveld-Schröder House and overlapping volumes and the number of villas of Le Corbusier and specifically the Ville Savoye.
In the architecture of the Bauhaus, the idea that art must respond to social needs is for the utilitarian crafts. It glorifies a method that leaves the rules of classical composition and experience new ways, whether rational or irrational, while banishing the ornament. It would establish a system of classification and organization of architectural production based on formal parameters related to all proposals: the enclosed space, modular regularity rather than axial composition.
The concept developed by these avant-garde space is based on a free, fluid, light, continuous open, infinite, secular, transparent, abstract, undifferentiated, in total contrast to the traditional space that is differentiated volumetrically, so identifiable, discontinuous, bounded, specific, newtiano, Cartesian and static. In this new kind of space around it called space-time and others said was to be generated as opposed antiespacio and dissolution of the traditional enclosed space bounded by walls.
All this culminated in a momentous step in the evolution of the architecture where the concept of space will be formed on a flat free with transparent facade. All modern space revolves around a structural character and formal while the loose.
The sensitivity of the site is irrelevant. Every object appears on an indisputable architectural autonomy.
The concepts of space and place, can be differentiated. Space is an ideal condition, theoretical, generic and undefined and instead has a specific character, empirical, existential, articulate, set up the details.
The idea of \u200b\u200bplace is different from the space by the presence of experience. Place is related to the phenomenological process of perception and experience of the world by the human body.
"... Opposition to traditional monumentality is manifested in another objective of the architecture the era of the machine: everything is subordinated to the search for prototypes. Modern thought, with its emphasis on reproducibility, had become the architectural design of prototypes. Another obstacle, as the modern movement lies in an alleged ahistoricity, part of the consciousness of being himself a momentous historic event, and therefore can dispense with the need for a previous story. At the age of the machine is considered to be possible to find a way to characterize the architecture itself. Based on the denial of tradition, the avant proposed pure and abstract shapes, housings radically flat, shaped by new materials and technologies ... "
In reproductive architectural theory has been necessary to use concepts to reconcile the immense diversity of individualizing instances with generalizing and interpretive schemes. This need has led to the contemporary culture structuralist thought and the theory of types of worldviews. Interpretive categories next turned to the notion of this kind, to finally popularized in the dichotomy type / model:
kind is the general idea, Platonic, archetypal, is the common basic architecture, the model is repeating what can go as is, as a stamp has a number of recurring characters.
modern space, free-flowing, open floor composed of non-custodial term, with its goodbye to privacy ... unlimited as Rothko's paintings, as public (seen, above, shameless) and the house Curuchet, in that scene the movie "The man next door, where Leonardo has nowhere to hide inside your house from the gaze of Victor, where the fight is raised by a single window that affects your privacy, while being observed, photographed, filmed from all angles up by thieves.
is usual in the public space of the present currency,
"... look at the facts segregation, ghettos and areas enclaves, and speak in a nostalgic decay and even the disappearance of public space ... contrast to the modern city with a mythical past, located at some point in the modern era, in which the characteristics of public space, many uses and social encounter not only developed but were also constantly expanding ... "
The atomization of the city, which fragmented enclaves such as malls, gated communities or tourist bubbles are an expression , "have ended in practice an essential component of public space: is the overlapping of functions in the same area that creates complexity in the experience in that space, "pseudo-public sites where interactions are treated to contain and control.
"... restrictions, suspicion and fear would be, increasingly, marking social interactions ... in the new urban landscape "is a constant fear of exposure because all differences are potentially so explosive ..." Gone
the authenticity of public space on which Baudrillard (1983) states that reality has lost its primacy "today simulations "and the public space meant exposure critical debate, interaction between classes and authenticity, representation suffers today.
pseudo-public spaces appear not only as an innocent change in the urban landscape, but also as an important factor in the transformation of our social interactions and the modern liberal tradition on how to interpret this interaction. If liberal democracy requires the recognition of the other as subject, then the exclusion and over-regulation also become a political threat.
threat as much for aesthetics in London and New York people deemed unacceptable by society as a whole was kept out of areas of the city where they congregate propertied classes, and also the exclusion of people of color of commercial space and housing market was a fact of life, or even illegal, to mid-century. Indeed, if we give up taking a very pessimistic view of the present situation of public space, based on political bias or an ideological agenda, the past appears in all its contradiction and not as a utopia unquestioned.
bourgeois Utopia (Fishman, 1987), built mostly in the suburbs, was extremely exclusive to the poorest sectors of society. The Renaissance Society
the idea of \u200b\u200ba public sphere was incomplete. The bourgeoisie was yet integrated into the traditional power structure and accommodate their demands to the political conditions of society. The emergence of public sphere required the questioning bourgeois form of government. Once this challenge is presented, new institutions (and spaces), which become centers of democratic power and citizenship: lectures, public events, shows and newspapers.
Habermas's promise of free and rational dialogue meetings between different groups has been made into a flat space discussion by many authors, and transformed into the cornerstone of urban post-modern conceptualization of public space. However, for these authors, contrary to the view of Habermas, the social encounter and the juxtaposition of uses in the public space is not a promise unfulfilled, but the basic feature of modern urban life:
"The experience of modern life including the primacy of the opening of the streets, free movement, the encounter impersonal and anonymous pedestrians, the spontaneous enjoyment and congregation in the markets, and the presence of people from different social backgrounds looking, looking at shop windows, shopping, sitting in cafes, joining political demonstrations taking over the streets for festivals and demonstrations and using the specially designed spaces for the entertainment of the masses ".
materially Public space then appears as a space of the modern era which opens to different motivations public and whose use is discussed by visions and equally legitimate purposes. But at the same time a space is experienced as such by the public, and thus the behavior and actions of citizens in that area tend to reflect openness and freedom.
Foucault defends the idea that the exercise of power is ultimately the motivation of human action, and therefore its exercise is not confined to the state, but permeates all other institutions social, school, family, etc. "In any society there are obvious relationships of power that permeate, characterize and constitute the social body, and these power relations can not be established, consolidated nor implemented without the production, accumulation and functioning of a speech." What changed with the advent of modernity is not human nature and vocation of power, but the speech characteristics of this power.
Prior to modernity, the art of building belonged to make manifest the temporal or divine. The public spaces were designed to express the sovereign power in the modern world is geared towards disciplinary practices, to obtain complete docility of the body. Cerdá
in reforming their own city states: "The streets are not only roads are strategic resources, which should always be as long and straight as possible."
could say that a specific look of architecture taken exclusively from the material world itself, rewrites the dichotomy raised body modernity / post-modernity, where the duel objectivity / subjectivity govern the whole scheme of thought. So the modern view we determine the specific objective and applied science against forgetfulness that post-modernity evidence to show that the alleged absolute and objective reality, is crossed by parts from other sources, materials, historical and above all psychological.
The modern seeking his speech from nowhere in particular because it takes the whole, the postmodern looking from a certain place, a here and now that recognizes one hand, it seeks global virtuality make the whole.
V. CONCLUSIONS. Missing
reference to a subject thinking and volition, dismantled the figure is "subject" reference. A deep division moved to the culture of modernity. Beyond the promise of freedom, utopia eighteenth century, today all that remains is pure present batch, critic and disjointed. The atomization of society is resulting in widespread loneliness of individuals in the context of logic dispersive, atomistic and cynical at this stage of capitalism.
Giddens argues that the timing of the control is the basis of space, unlike the modern way to "space" the "place", since the latter refers exclusively to the local nature of the specific physical and geographical settlements, while that the notion of "space" may relate to their condition of indeterminacy, transit or in the words of Marc Augé, "no place".
The postmodern world breaks boundaries to create necessary to break to figure out all normative paradigm description of reality.
"... When it was consolidating the architecture and art of the place, a whole new reality emerges with respect to space. This situation is creating a new awareness, new skills and new theories of perception. The idea of \u200b\u200batopy Peter Eisenman defending opponent of any connection with the place as in projects of Rem Koolhaas.
places and containers are not interpreted as a permanent existential, but are understood as sources of events. Within these new realities space we can distinguish three groups of phenomena: - First of what may be called media space, where physical space is no longer dominant, but the architecture has become a neutral container object systems, machines , images and equipment that form modifiable and dynamic interiors, an iconic example are the museums, in which the shape of space and the presence of natural light are not defining. - Secondly we find the non-places, spaces overmodernity y el anonimato, definidos por la sobreabundancia y el exceso, son espacios relacionados con el transporte rápido, el consumo y el ocio que se contraponen al concepto de lugar de las culturas basadas en una tradición etnológica localizada en el tiempo y en el espacio. - En tercer lugar tenemos el espacio virtual o ciberespacio, el que utilizan arquitectos, ingenieros, diseñadores, músicos, etc.; para proyectar y crear en el ordenador. El que puede conectar distintos espacios de edificios mediante sistemas computarizados, sin necesidad de recurrir a los espacios tradicionales en los que cada actividad tiene su sala y cada compartimiento esta conectado por elementos peatonales y físicos.
Los conceptos y experiencias Space and place are constantly changing and even dissolution. The place and location are not polarities limit. The space is almost never perfect delimiting the same way that is infinitely antiespacio rarely pure. " There is no one absolute
. Nobody feels that in this present world is in a privileged position from which gives sense and meaning. The illusion of fullness is outdated. An atomic world has waged a war against all, which rather resembles the whole idea of \u200b\u200btaboo.
No destination, no project, no principle which drives everything is spectacle and pure image, all mild and transient, no point you arrive, do not believe in any way.
daily evidence deters any possibility of generating globalizing discourses as those who, retracing the time, built the modern imagination-
THANK YOU FOR BEEN TAKEN DURING THIS SERIES OF SPECULATION.
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